جواهر ستار التعليمية |
أهلا وسهلا بك زائرنا الكريم ، في منتديات جواهر ستار التعليميه المرجو منك أن تقوم بتسجـيل الدخول لتقوم بالمشاركة معنا. إن لم يكن لـديك حساب بعـد ، نتشرف بدعوتك لإنشائه بالتسجيل لديـنا . سنكون سعـداء جدا بانضمامك الي اسرة المنتدى مع تحيات الإدارة |
جواهر ستار التعليمية |
أهلا وسهلا بك زائرنا الكريم ، في منتديات جواهر ستار التعليميه المرجو منك أن تقوم بتسجـيل الدخول لتقوم بالمشاركة معنا. إن لم يكن لـديك حساب بعـد ، نتشرف بدعوتك لإنشائه بالتسجيل لديـنا . سنكون سعـداء جدا بانضمامك الي اسرة المنتدى مع تحيات الإدارة |
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جواهر ستار التعليمية :: منتديات الجامعة و البحث العلمي :: منتدى العلوم الإجتماعية و الانسانية |
الأربعاء 10 ديسمبر - 16:02:44 | المشاركة رقم: | |||||||
جوهري
| موضوع: What is embalming? What is embalming? What is embalming? The most obvious and commonly known purpose of embalming is preservation, which serves to retard or arrest the unpleasant consequences of organic decomposition. Influenced by custom and religion since embalming began with the rise of Egyptian civilization over 5000 years ago, preservation today is generally required to allow long delays between the death and the funeral. Even during the average refrigerated delay of approximately three days before a funeral in Australia, signs of decomposition still usually become evident because decomposition is only slowed with refrigeration, rather than being arrested by embalming. The process of embalming preserves and sanitizes the deceased human body by `converting’ or ‘inactivating’ proteins and enzymes to resist putrefaction. Proteins are transformed in this way when an embalming solution alters their ‘colloidal’ state from solution to suspension, to a more firm and stable condition that is resistant to decomposition by enzymes and unusable as food for bacteria. A more practical analogy of this conversion is when the egg white of a raw egg changes from it’s transparent, gel-like form to a firm and stable opaque white when cooked. The egg’s proteins are “converted by the heat to a more stable form of protein”. The hydrophilic, gel-like proteins of the body, once changed into this inactive and longer-lasting compound, can no longer hold water and cannot be decomposed by bodily enzymes or bacteria. During this process the proteins of these enzymes and bacteria are also inactivated and any disease-causing microorganisms are concurrently destroyed…. Desiccation in a climate of dry heat produces naturally preserved mummies by taking away the much needed moisture from these putrefactive agents. Also, similar to today’s refrigeration, bodies can be preserved in extremely cold conditions such as glaciers and snow-capped mountains. Also, natural mummification is known to have occurred with the flow of a dry, cold air current… The embalming procedure begins with the topical disinfection and washing of the body and the setting of features. Following this an ongoing case analysis begins to determine what conditions are present within the body and what techniques and chemicals should be employed to address these conditions…. Arterial embalming, also known as capillary embalming, refers to the phase in embalming in which an arterial solution is distributed throughout the body by injection into one or more of the bodies arteries. Following the course that is usually taken by blood during life, the preservative moves through the body’s arteries, into the smaller arteriole, through the contacting tissue spaces, into capillaries and then into the veins. As the preservative must displace blood, one or more veins are used for drainage. As fluid passes through tissue spaces, it comes in contact with the body’s cells for conversion. Among the most common arteries that are used for the injection of embalming solutions are the Common Carotid, the Femoral and the Axillary. Generally it is the corresponding vein that is used for drainage. Smaller vessels, although sometimes used as secondary injection sites, are not normally selected as injection points because of their lesser size and strength. The second stage in the procedure is called Cavity embalming in which a cavity fluid is distributed throughout the mostly hollow organs of thorax and abdomen, which receive little preservative during arterial embalming. Cavity embalming, therefore, is necessary to remove gases and neutralize the problematic contents of the cavities to achieve the proper level of preservation and sanitation. Reading comprehension: What’s the main idea of the text? What are the purposes of embalming? According to you, what are the cultural aims that Egyptians embalm corpses for ? Define from the text the following terms: embalming, preservation, hydrophilic, cavity embalming . Is there any difference between refrigeration and embalming? Corpse : cadavre. Deceased : décédé, défunt Desiccation : is the state of extreme dryness, Desiccator : in science, a desiccator is a heavy glass or plastic container used in practical chemistry for making or keeping small amounts of material very dry. The material is placed on a shelf, and a drying agent or desiccant, such as dry silica gel or anhydrous sodium hydroxide, is placed below the shelf. Often some sort of humidity indicator is included in the desiccator to show, by color changes, the level of humidity. These indicators are in the form of indicator plugs or indicator cards. The active chemical is cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue. When it bonds with two water molecules, (CoCl2•2H2O), it turns purple. Hydrophilic : Having an affinity for water; readily absorbing or dissolving in water. L'embaumement : désigne l'ensemble des techniques visant à conserver les corps des personnes mortes dans un état plus ou moins proche de celui qu'ils avaient étant vivants. la décomposition est le processus par lequel des corps organisés, qu'ils soient d'origine animale ou végétale dès l'instant qu'ils sont privés de vie, dégénèrent sous l'action de facteurs biologiques modifiant complètement leur aspect et leur composition. Le processus fait intervenir des bactéries le plus souvent anaérobies. Autrement dit, il s'agit de la dégradation des protéines par l'action de micro-organismes protéolytiques. La décomposition est à la base de la constitution de l'humus. Putrefaction or Decomposition is the process by which organic material is broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. Although no two organisms will decompose in the same way, they will all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word taphos, meaning tomb. La réfrigération est le procédé permettant d'obtenir et de maintenir un système (local, produit, etc.) à une température inférieure à celle de l'environnement. Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration has many applications including but not limited to; household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics, air conditioning, and heat pumps. In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work must be performed to accomplish this. The work is traditionally done by mechanical work but can also be done by magnetism, laser or other means. Arterial embalming is begun by injecting embalming fluid into an artery while the blood is drained from a nearby vein or from the heart. The two gallons or so needed is usually a mixture of formaldehyde or other chemical and water. In the case of certain cancers, some diabetic conditions, or because of the drugs used prior to death (where body deterioration has already begun), a stronger or “waterless” solution is likely to be used for better body preservation. Chemicals are also injected by syringe into other areas of the body. Egyptian preoccupation with preservation of the body after death stemmed from the belief that the departed spirit would one day return to inhabit the earthly body; that if the body perished, the soul would eventually perish too. Yet although embalming was available to all who could pay the price, it was by no means so universally employed in ancient Egypt as it is today in the USA. The ordinary peasant was not embalmed at all; yet, curiously enough, his corpse comes down to us through the ages as well preserved as those of his disemboweled and richly aromatic betters, for it has been established that the unusually dry climate and the absence of bacteria in the sand and air, rather than the materials used in embalming, are what account for the Egyptian mummies’ marvelous state of preservation. As the ages and various methods of embalming have changed, so too have the reasons for its practice. When embalming began with the Ancient Egyptians around 3200BC, the sole reason for embalming was preservation, mainly for religious reasons, as they believed it necessary for resurrection. The earliest recorded account of Egyptian embalming was made in 484BC by the famous Greek historian, Herotodus. The process featured the evisceration* (see Glossary) of internal organs, covering them in a salt called natron for 20 days, coating the body with resins and fat and then wrapping and spicing it for mummification (Mayer, p.27). الموضوعالأصلي : What is embalming? // المصدر : ممنتديات جواهر ستار التعليمية //الكاتب: mahna
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الأربعاء 7 يناير - 20:51:00 | المشاركة رقم: | |||||||
عضو نشيط
| موضوع: رد: What is embalming?
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الجمعة 16 يناير - 20:53:59 | المشاركة رقم: | |||||||
مشرف
| موضوع: رد: What is embalming?
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الجمعة 16 يناير - 20:54:57 | المشاركة رقم: | |||||||
مشرف
| موضوع: رد: What is embalming?
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الإثنين 1 يونيو - 22:22:24 | المشاركة رقم: | |||||||
عضو نشيط
| موضوع: رد: What is embalming?
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الإشارات المرجعية |
الذين يشاهدون محتوى الموضوع الآن : 20 ( الأعضاء 3 والزوار 17) | |
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